TABLE OF CONTENTS

Obtaining the Tutorial Data

There are three ways of obtaining the tutorial data. The best option for getting the full GIS project experience is to follow Option 1 and learn how to download and prepare data from online GIS data portals independently. You will also gain exposure to the best GIS data websites for the Houston region.

Obtaining the Tutorial Data

Before beginning the tutorial, you will copy all of the required tutorial data onto your Desktop. Option 1 If you have already completed the Introduction to Data Management tutorial, but did not save a copy of your files or if you would prefer to complete this tutorial first, then you may follow Options 2 or 3. Option 2 is best if you are completing this tutorial in one of our short courses or from the GIS/Data Center and Option 3 2 is best if you are completing the tutorial from your own computer.

Before beginning the tutorial, you will copy all of the required tutorial data onto your Desktop. Follow the applicable set of instructions below depending on the particular computer you are using.

OPTION 1: Obtaining tutorial data independently online

OPTION 1: Accessing tutorial data from Fondren Library using the gistrain profile

If you are completing this tutorial from a public computer in Fondren Library and are logged on using the gistrain profileIf you would like to download and prepare the data for this tutorial from scratch, follow the instructions below:

1. Complete the Introduction to GIS Data Management tutorial.

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1. On the Desktop, double-click the Computer icon > gisdata (\\file-rnas.rice.edu) (R:) > Short_Courses > Mapping_Imagery.
2. To create a personal copy of the tutorial data, drag the Imagery folder onto the Desktop.
3. Close all windows.

OPTION 2: Accessing tutorial data

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online using a personal computer

If you are completing this tutorial from a public computer in Fondren Library and are logged on using the gistrain profile, follow personal computer, you will need to download the tutorial data online by following the instructions below:

1. On the Desktop, double-click the Computer icon > gisdata (\\file-rnas.rice.edu) (R:) > Short_Courses > Introduction_to_GIS.
2. To create a personal copy of the tutorial data, drag the Intro folder onto the Desktop.
3. Close all windows.

OPTION 3: Accessing tutorial data online using a personal computer

If you are completing this tutorial from a personal computer, you will need to download the tutorial data online by following the instructions below:

1. Click Imagery.zip above to download the tutorial data.
2. Open the Downloads folder.
3. Right-click Imagery.zip and select Extract All...
4. Click Intro.zip above to download the tutorial data.
5. Open the Downloads folder.
6. Right-click Intro.zip and select Extract All....
7. In the 'Extract Compressed (Zipped) Folders' window, accept the default location into the Downloads folder.
8. Uncheck Show extracted files when complete.
9. Clickthe Downloads folder and click Extract.
10. Directly within the Downloads folder, drag the Intro folder onto your Drag the unzipped Imagery folder onto your Desktop.
11. Close 

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Getting Started with ArcGIS Pro

Managing Projects

Opening an Existing Project

1. On the Desktop, double-click your Intro folder to open it.
2. Double-click the Intro.aprx file to open the existing project in ArcGIS Pro.

Creating a New Map

A map is a project item used to display and work with geographic data in two dimensions. The first step to visualizing any data is creating a new map.

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You will notice that a new map view opens in the main section of ArcGIS Pro.

The panel on the left side of ArcGIS Pro is called the Contents pane. After creating a new map, the Contents pane now displays the default Map title and automatically adds the Topographic basemap layer to the map.

The panel on the right side of ArcGIS Pro is called the Catalog pane. After creating the first map, a new Maps section has been added to the top of the Project tab within the Catalog pane.

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Notice that there is a single map there, named "Map". Since most projects will have multiple maps, it is a good idea to name your maps with more descriptive titles.

1. In the Catalog pane, under the Maps section, right-click Map and select Rename.
2. Type "Super Neighborhoods" and hit Enter.

Saving a Project

Any time you create a new project item, such as a map or a layout, or any time you spend time adjusting the symbology of your map layers, it is a good idea to save your project.

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Managing Maps

Browsing Existing Data

As a reminder, in the Intro to GIS Data Management tutorial, we imported the feature classes of interest into our project geodatabase.

1. In the Catalog pane, click the arrow to expand the Databases section.
2. Click the arrow to expand the Intro.gdb geodatabase.

Adding Data to a Map

1. Right-click the Census_2010_By_SuperNeighborhood feature class and select Add To Current Map.
2. An alternative method of adding data to a map is to click and hold the Major_Roads feature class and drag and drop it into the Super Neighborhoods map view.

Symbolizing Layers with a Single Symbol

It is early in the project to be deciding upon symbology, however, when layers are added to a map, ArcGIS Pro assigns then a random color symbol. Sometimes the colors are very faint and difficult to see on top of the basemap or the colors of multiple layers are very similar to each other and difficult to distinguish. To ensure that everyone can easily see the layers we are working with, we will adjust the basic symbology.

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Notice that the 'Primary symbology' defaults to Single Symbol. With this type of symbology, all features in that particular layer will be assigned the same symbol.

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The freeways on the map should now all be black and easily visible on top of the basemap. The Format Symbol mode of the Symbology tab can be accessed directly via the layer symbol (instead of the layer name) in the Contents pane.

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The super neighborhood polygons are now easy to distinguish from both the basemap and the freeways. In addition, the borders of the super neighborhoods are clear and easy to differentiate from the freeways.

Navigating the Project

Navigating the Contents Pane

At the top of the Contents pane, there is a series of seven buttons. By default, the leftmost button is selected: List by Drawing Order.

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When this button is selected, the order in which the layers are listed corresponds to the order in which the layers are visually stacked in the Map view. To test how the drawing order works, you will reorder the layers.

1. In the Contents pane, click and hold the Census_2010_By_SuperNeighborhood layer name and drag and drop it above the Major_Roads layer.

You will notice that, in the Map view, the Census_2010_By_SuperNeighborhood layer is now drawn in on top of the Major_Roads layer, meaning that freeways are only visible in areas not covered by a super neighborhood. It is possible to add transparency to the super neighborhood layer or to symbolize it with a bold outline and a hollow fill, but, in general, it is best to have polygon layers at the bottom of the drawing order, so we will return the layers to their previous order.

1. In the Contents pane, click and hold the Census_2010_By_SuperNeighborhood layer name and drag and drop it beneath the Major_Roads layer, but above the Topographic basemap.

The check boxes to the left of each layer name toggle the visibility of each layer.

1. Uncheck the Major_Roads layer to turn off its visibility in the map view.
2. Check the Major_Roads layer to turn its visibility back on in the map view.

Navigating the Map View

You will now learn how to navigate the Map view by panning, zooming, and using spatial bookmarks.

1. On the ribbon, click the Map tab.
2. in the Navigate group, ensure that the Explore button is selected by default.

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To pan the map:

1. Within the map view, click and hold the left mouse button and drag the mouse and release.

To manually zoom:

1. Hover your cursor over the area you wish to zoom in to and push the center scroll wheel away from you for incremental zooming. Pull the center scroll wheel towards you to zoom out.

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1. Hover your cursor over the area you wish to zoom in to, hold down the right mouse button, and drag the mouse down for smooth zooming. Drag the mouse up to zoom out.

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1. Hold down Shift such that your cursor changes to a magnifying glass and then click and hold and drag a box around the targeted area of interest to zoom directly to a specific extent.

To zoom to the extent of a particular layer:

1. In the Contents pane, right-click the Census_2010_By_SuperNeighborhood layer name and select Zoom To Layer.

A spatial bookmark allows you to quickly return to a particular zoom extent in your Map view.

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Exploring Data in the Map View

Selecting Features Manually

Selecting Features Manually from the Map View

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The selected neighborhood will be outlined in cyan.

1. Drag a box to select multiple adjacent neighborhoods.
2. Hold down Shift and click any non-selected neighborhood to add additional non-adjacent neighborhoods to the selection.
3. Hold down Ctrl and click any selected neighborhood to deselect neighborhoods.

When you are finished using a selection, it is important to clear the selected features, because the majority of tools in ArcGIS Pro only run on selected features. Therefore, if you run a tool anticipating that you will be processing all features in a particular layer and you inadvertently left some features selected from a previous process, only those selected features will be processed, which will lead to unexpected results.

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Notice that the Clear button becomes grayed out once all features are cleared. On the Map tab, notice that the Select button is still activated, which means that if you now attempted to pan the map by clicking and dragging your left mouse button across the map, you would, instead, select numerous features on your map inadvertently. To prevent this, it is a good idea to reactivate the Explore button as soon as you are finished using manual selection.

1. On the Map tab, in the Navigate group, click the Explore button.

Selecting Features Manually from the Table View

1. In the Contents pane, right-click the Census_2010_By_SuperNeighborhood layer name and select Attribute Table.

A table view now appears docked beneath your map view. Each row, or record, in your table corresponds to exactly one super neighborhood polygon on the map. Each column, or field, in your table represents a variable describing the super neighborhoods.

Every geodatabase feature class has two to four default fields, which cannot be edited or deleted. The leftmost OBJECTID field is a unique ID that is automatically numbered from 1 to the total number of features at the time of creation. In this particular case, the field is called OBJECTID_1, because there was a preexisting OBJECTID field at the time this data was imported to geodatabase format by the City of Houston. The Shape field indicates whether the feature geometry contains points, lines, or polygons.

1. In the table view, use the scroll bar at the bottom to scroll to the far right of the table.

The other two default fields are the last Shape_Length and Shape_Area fields which contain the perimeter and area of the super neighborhoods, respectively. A line feature class will only contain the Shape_Length field and a point feature class will not contain either field. The units of these fields correspond to the units of the projection in which the data coordinates are stored.

1. In the Contents pane on the left, double-click the Census_2010_By_SuperNeighborhood layer name.
2. In the 'Layer Properties' window, in the left column, click the third Source tab.
3. At the bottom of the window, click to expand the Spatial Reference section.
4. Use the scroll bar on the right to scroll to the bottom of the metadata.

Within the Spatial Reference section, notice that the geographic coordinate system is WGS 1984 and that no projected coordinate system is listed. Therefore, the layer is unprojected, meaning the data coordinates are located on the three-dimensional surface of the globe and you can see the Angular Unit is listed as Degrees (or decimal degrees.) Therefore, the Shape_Length field is displaying decimal degrees and the Shape_Area field is displaying square decimal degrees, which is why the numbers are so low. Before measuring distance or area, the data layer should be projected onto a two-dimensional surface. The resulting projection will have a Linear Unit, such as feet or meters. The process of projecting is further covered in the Introduction to Coordinate Systems and Projections course.

As indicated by the layer name, the majority of the remaining fields contain 2010 census data that was aggregated to the super neighborhood level by the City of Houston, since that is not a geographic unit at which the Census Bureau provides data.

1. Double-click the 'Name' field header to sort the neighborhoods alphabetically.
2. To select a neighborhood from the table, click the gray square to the far left of each row.
3. To select an adjacent section of records, hold down Shift and select a record below or above the currently selected record to automatically select all records in between.
4. To add or remove individual records from the selection, hold down Ctrl and select another record.

Notice in the bottom left corner of the Census_2010_By_SuperNeighborhood attribute table, it indicates the number out of 88 table records (and corresponding map features) that are currently selected.

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The two buttons to the left allow you to toggle between 'Show all records' and 'Show selected records'.

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Note that if 'Show selected records' is active and no records are currently selected, the table view will appear empty. Toggle back to 'Show all records' to view the table.

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Symbolizing Layers By Attributes

Symbolizing Layers By Quantity

1. In the Contents pane, right-click the Census_2010_By_SuperNeighborhood layer name and select Symbology.
2. Use the primary 'Symbology' drop-down menu to select Graduated Colors.
3. Use the 'Field' drop-down menu to scroll down sixth from the bottom and select the SUM_Vacant field. This field stores the number of vacant housing units within each neighborhood.

The map view now displays a choropleth map, where the darker colors represent higher numbers of vacant housing units. In studying the map, it appears as if the most vacant housing is in southwest Houston outside the Loop. While this is true according to raw counts per neighborhood, there could be differences in the neighborhoods that are unaccounted for in this symbology. Now you will try normalizing by the area of the neighborhood.

1. Use the 'Normalization' drop-down menu to scroll to the bottom and select the last Shape_Area field.

As discussed in the Introduction to GIS Data Management course, the projection of the census layer is WGS 1984. Therefore, the layer is unprojected and the coordinates are stored in angular units of decimal degrees. Therefore, the Shape_area field is displaying square decimal degrees and the map is displaying number of vacant housing units per square decimal degree. This is a somewhat incomprehesible unit, however, the values are still proportional to how they would be in a different unit and the relative coloring on the map remains correct. If you wanted to make a map that displays vacant housing units per square mile, then you would add a new field to the attribute table and use the calculate 

projecting is further covered in the Introduction to Coordinate Systems and Projections course.

Notice that according to the density of vacant housing units, the greatest amount of vacant housing units appear to be both inside and outside the loop along 59.

1. Use the 'Normalization' drop-down menu to select the SUM_HU100 field.

The map is now displaying the number of vacant housing units divided by the total number of housing units, or the percent vacant housing units. While all three methods of symbolizing the vacant housing units are techically corect This is probably the most common

1. On the lower half of the Symbology pane, click the Histogram tab.

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Discuss and test classification methods.

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1. Use the 'Method" drop-down menu to select Equal Interval.
2. Use the 'Method" drop-down menu to select Quantile.

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Discuss and test number of classes.

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1. Use the 'Classes' drop-down menu to select 20.
2. Use the 'Classes' drop-down menu to select 4.

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Discuss and test color schemes.

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Adding Layer Transparency

1. Ensure that the Census_2010_By_SuperNeighborhood layer is selected.
2. In the ribbon, click the Feature Layer contextual Appearance tab.
3. In the Effects group, slide the Layer Transparency slider or type "50" and hit Enter.

Symbolizing Layers By Category

1. Use the primary 'Symbology' drop-down menu to select Unique Values.
2. Use the 'Field 1' drop-down menu to select Name.
3. In the Contents pane, collapse the Census_2010_By_Superneighborhood symbology.

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zoom into neighborhood, go to explore button, click on neighborhood to find out neighborhood name.

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Selecting Features Programatically

Selecting Features By Attributes

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1. all windows.

Preparing a Reference Map for Georeferencing

1. On the Desktop, double-click the Imagery folder.
2. Double-click the Imagery.aprx project file to open the project in ArcGIS Pro.
3. Maximize the ArcGIS Pro application window.

Before you can georeference an image, you must have existing GIS data with known coordinates containing similar features to those in the image, which will serve as your reference data. While you can georeference directly to the basemaps built in to ArcGIS Pro, additional vector data can be helpful, because vector data can lay on top of the image you are trying to georeference, so that both the reference data and the image can be seen simultaneously. Relying on the basemap alone would require repeatedly toggling the image on and off or adding a transparency to the image, so that both the image and the basemap are visible, but this type of display can be more difficult to visually interpret. Since you will be georeferencing an aerial image of the Rice campus, you will first prepare vector data related to physical features on the Rice campus to serve as your reference data.

1. In the Catalog pane on the right, expand the Databases folder.
2. Expand the Imagery.gdb geodatabase.
3. Click the first buildings feature class to select it.
4. Hold down Shift and click the last streets feature class to select all four feature classes within the geodatabase.
5. Right-click the streets feature class and select Add To New Map.

Ensure that all four feature classes (streets, sidewalks, parking, buildings) appear in the Contents pane on the left. If you are missing any layers, drag them from the Catalog pane on the right directly into the Map view. The layers of the Rice campus should look familiar. If desired, update the symbology of each of the layers to a color of your choice by right-clicking on the color patch beneath each layer name in the Contents pane and selecting a color. For example, you might choose to make the parking and streets layers two shades of gray, the sidewalks layer tan, and the buildings layer red, as shown below.

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Now you will add a JPEG image depicting an aerial view of campus your map. This image is just like any other image file you are familiar with and does not contain any sort of spatial reference.

1. In the Catalog pane, expand the Folders folder.
2. Expand the Imagery folder.

3. Right-click the aerial.jpg raster image and select Add to Current Map.

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   If the Add to Current Map command does not work, you can click the Add Data button within the Map tab on the ribbon and then browse to and select the same JPEG image file.

4. In the Table of Contents, right-click the aerial.jpg layer and select Zoom to Layer.
5. In the Table of Contents, right-click the streets layer and select Zoom to Layer.

Both layers appear in the data frame, but, as expected, the image cannot be lined up with the other data layers, because it has not been georeferenced and no projection has been defined.

Occasionally, you will come across an undefined GIS data layer for which you cannot locate complete metadata telling you the coordinate system and projection for the data. In other cases, you may wish to make use of raster or image data that never had a coordinate system in the first place, such as this aerial photograph or a scanned historical map. Whenever the spatial reference for a layer is unknown or non-existent, you must georeference the layer by lining it up visually with other layers that have a known projection.

Georeferencing Imagery

Since the aerial photograph never had a coordinate system associated with it, you will need to georeference it based on the other campus layers using control points.  Control points are recognizable points in both layers that occur in the same geographic location.

1. On the ribbon, click the Imagery tab.
2. In the Contents pane, click the aerial.jpg layer to select it. If it is not selected, then most options in the Imagery tab will be grayed out and unavailable.
3. On the Georeference tab, click the Georeference button to open the Georeference tab.
   
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Before you can begin to align the aerial image with the other layers, you will need to be able to see them all in the same view.

1. In the Contents pane on the left, right-click the streets layer and select Zoom to Layer.
2. In the Georeferencing toolbar, click the Fit to Display button.
   
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The full extent of the image now appears behind the current layers.  It is always good to zoom in to the approximate extent of the image before using the Fit to Display command. Notice that while both layers are now visible, they are not yet perfectly aligned. If significant rotation or scaling was necessary to identify common control points, you would use the Move, Scale, and Rotate buttons on the Georeference tab at this point. Once control points have been added, these tools are no longer available.

You now need to identify a common point in both the aerial image and the vector reference layers.

1. In the Table of Contents, uncheck the parking and sidewalks layers to make the aerial image easier to view.

2. On the western portion of campus, visually identify the football stadium in both the aerial layer and the buildings layer.
   
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3. Hold down Shift and your cursor should switch from a pointer finger to a magnifying glass with a plus sign.

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   If you don't see the proper cursor, then you may need to select the Explore button on the Map tab in the ribbon.

4. Click and drag a box around the football stadium in both layers to zoom in to the area in which you will add your first control point.
   
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5. On the ribbon, on the Georeference tab, click the Add Control Points button.  Your cursor will change to a crosshair.
   
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6. Click on the southwest corner of the upper deck of the stadium in the aerial layer.

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   If your first click is on an unintended location, press Esc to remove the point. Then click the Add Control Points button again to resume adding a point.

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7. With a line linking to the first point you clicked on, click on the southwest corner of the upper deck of the stadium on the buildings layer.

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   It is fine to zoom in and out by scrolling the scroll wheel or to pan by clicking and holding your scroll wheel button while moving the mouse in between clicking on the two control points if they are not both visible on your screen. If your second click is on an unintended location or you clicked on the two points in the opposite order, then, on the Georeference tab, in the Review group, click the Select Control Point button. Image Added Then click on the erroneous control point on your map. The control point symbol will change from a larger red circle with an X through it to a smaller red box when it is selected. Once the control point is selected, go back to the Review group on the Georeference tab and click the Delete Selected Control Point button. Image Added If you make a mistake on your first control point, so that removing the erroneous point results in removing all points, then the image will disappear from view and you will need to start again by zooming to the streets layer and the clicking the Fit to Display button. Click the Add Control Points button to resume adding a point.

The two points will snap together, lining up the image at that particular control point.

1. In the Table of Contents, right-click the streets layer and select Zoom to Layer to return to the full extent of the image.

At this point, the image is aligned at the one control point, but the scale of the image does not match the scale of the vector layers, so nothing else is yet aligned. You will need to select another control point to begin to establish the proper scale. Remember, it is best to select a point that is not horizontally or vertically in line with the existing control point.

1. In the center of campus, visually identify Fondren Library in both the aerial layer and the buildings layer.
   
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2. In the ribbon, click the Map tab and click the Explore button.
3. Hold down Shift and click and drag a box around Fondren Library in both layers to zoom into the area in which you will add your second control point.
   
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4. On the ribbon, click the Georeference tab and click the Add Control Points button.
5. Click on the southwest corner of Fondren Library in the aerial layer.
   
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6. With a line linking to the first point you clicked on, click on the southwest corner Fondren Library in the buildings layer.

The two points will snap together, lining up the image at that particular control point.

1. In the Table of Contents, right-click the streets layer and select Zoom to Layer to return to the full extent of the image.

At this point the majority of the image appears to be aligned. If you decide to add another control point, you should do so wherever there is currently the most discrepancy between the image and the vector layers.

Notice that, in the northern-most section of campus, the buildings are not quite aligned.  You will add a third control point in that area.

1. In the northern-most portion of campus, visually identify Martel College in both the aerial layer and the buildings layer.
   
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2. In the ribbon, click the Map tab and click the Explore button.
3. Hold down Shift and click and drag a box around Martel College in both layers to zoom into the area in which you will add your third control point.
   
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4. In the Georeferencing toolbar, click the Add Control Points button.
5. Click on the northwest corner of Martel College in the aerial layer.
6. With a line linking to the first point you clicked on, click on the northwest corner Martel College on the buildings layer.
   
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7. In the Table of Contents, right-click the streets layer and select Zoom to Layer to return to the full extent of the image.

At this point, the image looks well aligned with the other vector layers.

1. In the ribbon, on the Georeference tab, click the Control Point Table button.
   
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A new control point table for the aerial.jpg layer will open.

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This table lists all the control points you have added. The residual, in the final column of the table, is a measure of how distorted the image has become. A lower residual indicates that the georeferenced image has less distortion from the original image. It not necessary to obtain a residual of zero, as this is difficult unless both layers are from the same source or were already in the same coordinate system.

If you added a poor or incorrect control point, you could select it in the table and click the Delete Selected button to remove it. You could also simply uncheck it, so that it is no longer factored in to georeferencing calculations. You would then want to continue adjusting your control points until you achieved the desired result.

1. Close the Map: aerial.jpg control point table view.

Notice that none of the final three control points are in line with each other vertically or horizontally, the image appears to be well aligned, and the residual is at or close to 0.  These are all indications that the georeferencing was successful.

1. When you are satisfied with your control points, in the ribbon, on the Georeference tab, click the Save button.
2. On the Georeference tab, click the Close Georeference button.
   
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Notice that the control points have disappeared.

1. Above the ribbon, on the Quick Access toolbar, click the Save button.
   
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2. Close ArcGIS Pro.
3. On the Desktop, double-click the Imagery folder.

Before beginning this tutorial, there was only one aerial file: aerial.jpg. During the tutorial, you generated the two additional files. The JGWX file contains the spatial referencing information that you just created. Because this new file has been created, the image will now line up spatially whenever you add it into a new data frame. In other words, you only need to georeference a layer once. The XML file contains the metadata used by ArcCatalog to describe the newly georeferenced aerial image. If you were to delete these two accessory files, the image would no longer be georeferenced and would be returned to its original state

Exporting Selected Features

1. In the Contents pane, right-click the Census_2010_By_SuperNeighborhood layer name and select Data > Export Features.
2. In the Geoprocessing pane, click the 'Output Feature Class' field to edit the name. Replace Census_2010_By_SuperNeighbor with "MyNeighborhood". Ensure that you leave everything in the file path through Intro.gdb\.

Selecting Features By Location

Now we will create a map of the bus stops and bus routes within your neighborhood. We could continue to do our mapping within the existing map, but, since we are now focusing on different thematic layers in a different geographic extent, this could be a good time to create a second map within our project.

1. On the ribbon, click the Insert tab.
2. In the Project group, click the New Map button.
3. At the bottom of the Geoprocessing pane, click the Catalog pane tab. 
4. Rename My Neighborhood and add MyNeighborhoods, BusStops and BusRoutes.

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Presenting and Sharing Maps

Creating a Layout

Once you are finished with your analysis, you may want to create a map that is suitable for adding to a report, presentation, or sharing with others who don't have access to ArcGIS software.

1. On the ribbon, click the Insert tab.
2. Click the New Layout button.
3. If you wanted to create a custom image size for insertion into a report or presentation, you could select Custom pages size... at the bottom of the options, but for a full page layout, select Letter 8.5" x 11" at the top left of the options.

More tips for creating a layout are covered in the Map Layouts for Publication short course.

Exporting a Layout

1. On the ribbon, click the Share tab.
2. Click the Export Layout button.
3. On the left, click the Desktop folder.
4. Double-click the Intro folder.

Discuss export file types and resolutions.

1. For 'Resolution (DPI)', type "300".
2. Click Export.

To continue learning intermediate topics, refer to the courses in the other ArcGIS Pro Series.